Glossary - Gender Preselection: Choose The Sex Of Your Baby

The packet of enzymes in a sperm's head that allows the sperm to dissolve a hole in the coating around the egg, which allows the sperm to penetrate and fertilize the egg

Scarring as a result of tissue injury. It can be caused by infections such as gonorrhea or chlamydia or by previous surgeries such as removal of cysts or an appendectomy or because of endometriosis. Adhesions involving the tubes and/or the ovaries can cause infertility by preventing the normal pick-up of the egg from the surface of the ovary. If the adhesions are mild, they can be treated by laparoscopic surgery. If the adhesions are severe, surgery may not be successful and in most cases (IVF) is recommended

Test performed between the 16th and 18th week of pregnancy in order to determine the presence of birth defects in the developing fetus. It involves the insertion of a small needle into the amniotic fluid that surrounds the developing baby. The fluid is then screened for genetic conditions such as Down Syndrome

Refers to male reproductive hormones, such as testosterone. These hormones may be produced in excess by the female in certain conditions such as PCOS

A chemical substance that is soluble in water, neutralizes acids and forms salts with them. An alkali has a pH above 7 and turns red litmus paper blue

The state of not ovulating or a fertility cycle without ovulation. An anovulatory cycle may happen due to various factors; menopause, stress, exercise, travel, illness and drugs etc. Generally, it is not a cause for concern, however, consult your doctor should it happens frequently

substances that are produced by specialized cells in the body, called B cells. These substances attack foreign material that enters the body in order to prevent or fight off infection. Sometimes these substances may mistakenly recognize the body's organs or sperm as being foreign and attack them

Brand name GnRH antagonist (see GnRH antagonist). The generic name of this medication is ganirelix acetate

Antibodies directed against sperm. If directed specifically against the head of the sperm, they can interfere with fertilization. These antibodies can be present in both men and women. There are different methods for testing for antibodies. A simple blood test can be done or a more sophisticated test called the immunobead sperm antibody assay. This test looks for antibodies directly attached to the sperm. The recommended treatment is IVF

The process of depositing specially prepared sperm inside the woman's reproductive tract. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is one type of artificial insemination that involves the placement of sperm inside the uterine cavity. The procedure involves the washing of sperm to obtain the best quality fraction and then injecting it (less than 0.5cc) into the uterus. A thin catheter is used, connected to a syringe that contains the washed sperm. The catheter is introduced through the cervix and deep inside the uterus. Cramping sometimes does occur but it is short-lived. Artificial insemination is commonly used with ovulation inducing medications, when there is abnormal cervical mucus, and always with donor sperm

A mild deformity of the uterus that involves the presence of a very small separation in the midline of the fundus (the upper part of the uterus) inside the uterine cavity. This condition is usually not associated with infertility or recurrent miscarriages and therefore it rarely needs any form of therapy

the process of helping an embryo to hatch by making a surgical slit in the zona pellucida or "shell" or by digesting this "shell" with special enzymes. It is indicated in most women over 40 years of age undergoing IVF, and when the zona pellucida is thick

a term used to describe medical procedures which enhance the opportunity for egg fertilization and pregnancy. Examples include ICSI, IVF, GIFT and ZIFT

the complete absence of sperm. It can result from obstruction of the vas deferens (the duct that takes the sperm from the testicles to the urethra) or from failure of the testicles to produce sperm

The Basal Body Temperature (BBT) method measures variations in body temperature to determine when ovulation has occurred. Normally, body temperature decreases slightly just before ovulation and begins to rise for several days afterward. The temperature remains slightly elevated until menstruation begins. With this method, a woman takes her temperature every morning before getting out of bed using a basal thermometer, which has an expanded scale to show slight changes in temperature between 36° C (96° F) and 38° C (100° F). The name ‘basal’ is derived from the fact it is a measurement of the ‘base’ temperature ie. when one is at rest or under as little stress as possible

A congenital abnormality of the uterus that involves a partial lack of fusion of the two parts of the uterus. A single cervix is present. In the majority of cases it does not cause infertility, but recurrent miscarriages and premature births have been reported in rare instances. If treatment is needed, it is through abdominal surgical repair

An embryo made up of two groups of cells. One group will develop into the fetus and the other will become the placenta. Following IVF, blastocysts are typically allowed to mature for five days outside the body and then are transferred into the uterus

Calcium

A soft silver-white element that is an alkaline earth metal constituting about three percent of the earth’s crust. A very important mineral primarily for maintain the bone structure of human beings and in term of gender preselection, studies show Calcium and Magnesium may render the reproductive system more attractive to the X-sperm, which is the gender determining factor for a baby Girl

The changes that a sperm goes through to be capable of penetrating the layers covering the egg. It involves the sequential time release of a series of enzymes, which allows sperm to digest a passage through loose layers

‘Casually’

In the fertility context, ‘casually’ implies having unplanned intercourse at irregular intervals eg. once or twice a week. Generally, such practice is encouraged to maintain high sperm counts and in order to increase the probability of conception, especially if there is preference for a baby Boy

To destroy tissue with heat, cold, or caustic substances in order to seal off blood vessels or ducts

the process of obtaining samples (of secretions) from the cervix and culturing them on special media to detect the presence of infectious organisms such as chlamydia , gonococcus and ureaplasma. These sexually transmitted diseases, if present, can cause infertility by damaging the fallopian tubes or interfering with implantation of the embryo by affecting the inside lining of the uterus. They are usually treated with antibiotic therapy

3. provides sperm with a conductive environment to travel to the fallopian tubes.

It is the principal element enabling conception to take place. Without its presence, sperm would die within a few hours

Narrowing or blockage of the cervical canal in such a way that menstrual flow can partially or completely be impeded. It is often the result of cervical injury due to surgery such as a cone biopsy done for an abnormal pap smear. It can cause infertility by hampering the normal passage of sperm through the cervix

Cervix

A type of bacteria that is frequently transmitted sexually between partners or from an infected mother to her newborn child; the most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease

Chromosomes

A rod-shaped structure in a cell nucleus carrying the genes that determine sex and the characteristics an organism inherits from its parents. Chromosomes are made up of genes that govern all the body's functions, and are also responsible for all the physical characteristics of an individual. Abnormalities of chromosomes can result in miscarriages or congenital abnormalities. Age affects the quality of chromosomes in an egg and that is why infertility and miscarriages are more common in older women. For instance, the incidence of Downs Syndrome increases when a woman gets older. Every human cell normally has 46 chromosomes. Human gametes (i.e. eggs and sperm) contain only 23 chromosomes. When unified during fertilization, the total number of 46 chromosomes is restored

Clomiphene citrate (Clomid®, Serophene®)

Medication also known by the trade names of "Clomid®" and "Serophene®". It is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen hormone that is commonly used for ovulation induction. It comes in 50 mg tablets that are taken by mouth once a day for 5 days in the early part of the menstrual cycle. It works by stimulating the release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from the pituitary gland. Due to its antiestrogenic actions, some of its effects include abnormal cervical mucus and endometrial lining. The former can interfere with normal passage of sperm through the cervix to reach the egg, and the latter with implantation. Some women may complain of hot flashes (10%), nausea and/or breast discomfort (2-5%). Visual symptoms (blurring) occur rarely (less than 1.5%) but are an indication to discontinue therapy

Cilia

A tiny projecting thread of the fallopian tubes, that beats rhythmically to aid the movement of a fluid past the cell or movement of the organism through liquid

Coverline is a line used to help delineate pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory temperatures on a fertility chart. A line drawn 0.1° F / 0.05° C above the highest of the previous six temperatures on a fertility chart. When three successive temperatures are above this line, a thermal shift is identified and there is a good chance that ovulation has already occurred. In coverline calculations and if Rules Options is set to ‘Normal’, the system will take as little as 4 temperatures (but will use six if they are available). On the other hand, a ‘Strict’ option will require 6 temperatures

a procedure where precancerous cells are removed from the cervix. Potential risks associated with this procedure include damage to the mucus membranes of the cervix and weakening the cervix so that it is unable to hold the fetus throughout the duration of a pregnancy

Corpus Luteum

A follicle that releases an egg at the time of ovulation is subsequently called the corpus luteum. This is initially a partially cystic space that later can become a full-blown cyst, it is a yellow mass of tissue that forms in part of the ovary and is very active in hormone secretion. Its major product is hormone progesterone, which is an essential hormone that prepares the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum "dies" roughly 12 to 16 days after ovulation corresponding to Luteal Phase. The result is a sudden drop in progesterone levels, which leads to menstruation. If, on the other hand, if pregnancy occurs, the newly developing placenta secretes the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), which salvages the corpus luteum and stimulates it to continue producing progesterone. This placental support of the corpus luteum is indispensable for the first 7 weeks of pregnancy. From that point on, the placenta starts making its own progesterone and the corpus luteum is no longer needed. Therefore, it shrinks and becomes the "corpus albicans"

A specially formulated solution that enables growth and division of a fertilized egg outside of the body until embryo transfer takes place

A test that is done early during pregnancy to check for the presence of genetic disorders. It involves obtaining a biopsy of the placenta, usually between the 10th and 13th weeks of pregnancy. This biopsy is then tested to check for the presence of certain congenital defects, such as Down Syndrome

The process of freezing sperm or embryos in extremely low temperatures (-196°C). This technique has been used for decades to freeze sperm. It allows the sperm to be quarantined while the donor is tested for transmittable infectious diseases (such as HIV). The sperm can then be thawed when necessary and used in artificial insemination. The quality of thawed sperm is not as good as a fresh sample, but is very acceptable and without negative effects in the resulting offspring. More recently we have been able to freeze and preserve human embryos, including those resulting from in vitro fertilization. These embryos can also later be thawed and transferred back to the uterus. Pregnancy rates with frozen/thawed embryos are not as high as fresh embryos and range in the 15-30% range

A synthetic androgen frequently prescribed for endometriosis. It works by inhibiting the production of LH and FSH. This results in diminished levels of estrogen and progesterone, the hormones that support growth and activity of endometrial implants in endometriosis. Since this medication inhibits LH and FSH production, a woman will not ovulate while taking the drug. Common side effects include weight gain, acne abnormal hair growth, and oily skin

The combination of molecules in the cell's nucleus that make up the chromosomes, which transmit hereditary characteristics

An injectable medication (such as Lupron Depot™) which maintains its effect for an extended period of time. One injection with a "depot" medication may last a month or more, and therefore daily injections are not needed

Also known as diethylstilbestrol; This is a medication that was prescribed to pregnant women during the late 1940's to the early 70's to prevent miscarriage. Its use was banned in 1971 in pregnant women because it was found to cause abnormalities and deformities of the reproductive organs in the children of women who took this drug during pregnancy. During an infertility evaluation, you may be asked if your mother took this drug while she was pregnant with you

Stands for dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate; This is a type of androgen that may be found in excessive amounts in women with PCOS, or other conditions of excessive androgen production. Its level may be checked as part of an infertility evaluation

It is the process of gradually dilating the cervix to the point of being able to introduce a sharp instrument (curette) to scrape the surface of uterine cavity (endometrium). A suction cannula is also used if the amount of tissue being removed is large. This procedure is often used to treat abnormal bleeding, incomplete miscarriages, and abnormal uterine pathology such as polyps and small fibroids. It is during sedation and sometimes under general anesthesia. Complications include infection and uterine perforation. This latter involves the passage of one of the instruments through the wall of the uterus and inside the abdominal cavity. In the majority of instances, similar observation is enough, since this artificially made hole seals on its own

Invalidated Basal Body Temperature (BBT) due to early or late rising, sickness, physical exertion, hangover etc. It should not be confused with temperatures invalidated by Rule of Thumb, which are outlying temperatures with no valid basis for being outside of the norm. The system will automatically adjust disturbed temperature caused by early or late rising as long as the observation take place within 90 minutes from the normal time

The most competitive candidate among a dozen or more Ovarian Follicles, which will eventually outpace all the rest to be released as ovum of the cycle, while others disintegrate, during the process of ovulation. The dominant follicle plays the key role in influencing the secretion of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in abundance and to eventually trigger the ovulation

The Dry Day Rule dictates that the fertile Phase 2 will begin upon sighting of Cervical Mucus (CM), as long as the CM appears to be more fertile than the selected Infertile Phenomenon. The rule is so named for the fact that ‘Dry’ is the de facto Infertile Phenomenon for majority of the women

A normal pregnancy results when the embryo implants inside the uterus. When implantation occurs outside the uterus, an ectopic pregnancy occurs. Such an abnormal pregnancy can be located in the tubes, the ovaries, the cervix or inside the abdomen. In 1987, roughly 2 of every 100 women who were known to conceive were hospitalized for ectopic pregnancy. This incidence is slightly higher with in vitro fertilization. The most common symptoms are abnormal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. Women who have tubule damage (such as scarring from infection) are at an increased risk for an ectopic pregnancy. The incidence is also higher in women who have had children, especially those who have been pregnant three or more times

The process that involves stimulation of a younger woman with fertility drugs, the retrieval of her eggs, fertilization of the eggs with the recipient's husband's sperm, and the transfer of the resultant embryos into the uterus of the recipient. Women who may need egg donation include the following:

Egg donors should be less than 37 years old. Most egg donation is done anonymously, however known donors are also acceptable in many instances

The process of introducing a long needle through the vagina and into the ovaries to aspirate the follicles that contain the eggs. It is done under ultrasound guidance. The ovaries are visualized on the ultrasound screen, and the needle, which is attached to the ultrasound probe, is directed into the follicles, which are aspirated with gentle suction. The aspirated fluid is sent to the embryologist who examines it and separates the egg. The procedure is done under heavy sedation and is therefore painless. It takes about 20-40 minutes to complete (depending on the number of follicles present) and the patient is discharged 2-3 hours later. The patient is not allowed to drive because of slight drowsiness for a few hours after the procedure. Complications are very rare and include bleeding from the site of the needle punctures or the ovaries, and infection. Bleeding almost always subsides on its own with light pressure, and infections are treated with antibiotic

Basically an electronic Basal Thermometer with computing capability designed to facilitate fertility planning. Typically, it is programmed to record Basal Body Temperature (BBT) and to provide basic advice such as Fertile/Infertile. Therefore, it is not made for advanced users who demand high level of precision and complexity

Controlled electrical stimulation to induce ejaculation in a man with damage to the nerves that control ejaculation

A human offspring in the early stages following conception up to the end of the eighth week, after which it is classified as a fetus

The process of depositing fertilized eggs (or embryos) inside the uterus. This often occurs 2 days following egg retrieval. A predetermined number of embryos are first placed inside a special catheter, which is then introduced inside the uterus through the cervix. The embryos are then gently injected and the catheter is removed. During this procedure, the woman is in a position similar to a pelvic examination for a pap smear. The patient will remain in that position for roughly an hour before being discharged. The number of embryos to be transferred depends mostly on the age of the woman and the quality of embryos. As a general rule, 4 embryos will be transferred in women less than 35 years of age to reduce the risk of high order (more than twins) multiple pregnancies. This number increases with age, and it is not unusual to transfer 8-10 embryos in women over 40. The couple will make the informed decision regarding the number of embryos to be transferred after conferring with her physician

A procedure that involves taking a small sample of tissue from the inside the lining of the uterus (called the endometrium). It is done in the office and takes only a few minutes. A small hollow catheter is introduced through the cervix inside the uterus and gently the endometrium is scraped, while a gentle suction is applied to the catheter. Small pieces of endometrial tissue are collected by this process and sent for microscopic examination. An endometrial biopsy is done for many reasons. In case of investigation for infertility, it is performed to evaluate the endometrium for its readiness to accept the embryo. An egg that is fertilized by a sperm in the fallopian tube travels to the uterus in about 3 days and then is ready to implant in about another 3 to 4 days. Therefore, roughly one week after ovulation and successful fertilization, that embryo will implant. During this crucial time, the endometrium should be "ready" for implantation. The biopsy will check for these specific changes in the cells and glands of the endometrium. A normal test is said to be "in-phase" with the menstrual date, since the biopsy is done on a specific day of the cycle (usually 7 to 12 days after ovulation). An abnormal test is said to be "out-of-phase" in relation to the date of the cycle. An abnormal test result usually signifies that there is a "luteal phase defect," which means that the second part of the cycle (called the luteal phase) is abnormal and can be the cause of infertility. Women who have very short luteal phases (less than 11 days) will often have an abnormal biopsy result. An endometrial biopsy is also performed for abnormal uterine bleeding, to diagnose hormonal imbalances or an anatomic cause for bleeding, such as polyps, hyperplasia (abnormal benign growth of the endometrium) or cancer

The inside lining of the uterus where implantation of the embryo occurs. It sheds every month in response to estrogen and progesterone stimulation. If pregnancy occurs, the endometrium will not shed

Aspecial type of ovarian cyst that is chocolate in color and contains endometrial cells that grow and bleed during menstruation; also known as a chocolate cyst

Inflammation of endometrium. The presence and growth of endometrial tissue (known as implants) in locations outside the uterus, such as over the fallopian tubes, ovaries, the lining of the pelvis, bowel or other unusual areas. The disease is benign but usually progressive. In advanced stages, it causes severe scarring of the ovaries and /or tubes which can result in infertility. Even milder forms of the disease, where only few implants are present, can be associated with infertility. The incidence of the disease is 30% to 45% in women with infertility. The cause of endometriosis is not known with certainty, but several mechanisms are involved. More recently immunological causes have been implicated in the mechanism of infertility in patients with endometriosis. The classic symptoms of endometriosis are cyclic pelvic pain and infertility. Medical or surgical therapy is successful only for the relief of pain. Studies have sown that medical therapy does not improve fertility. Surgery for endometriosis is also not successful in treating infertility except in instances where there are mild adhesions partially blocking the tubes

Mucous membrane that lines the uterus which builds up during every fertility cycle to facilitate implantation of a fertilized ovum. It will grow thicker during the pre-ovulatory and during ovulation and it is maintained during the Luteal Phase by progesterone released by Corpus Luteum. If implantation is successful, it will provide the developing zygote with nutrients and protection until a placenta is formed. If implantation never happen, progesterone production will stop within 12-16 days after ovulation and the endometrium will be shed during menstruation.

The tightly coiled, thin-walled tube where sperm maturation is completed. Sperm move from the testicles to the vas deferens through the epididymis

The principal estrogen produced by the ovary. This is the primary hormone monitored via blood test during stimulation with fertility drugs

The major female hormone secreted by by developing follicles and eventually by the dominant follicle in the ovaries. A normally menstruating woman ovulates once a month about 14 days after the start of the menstrual cycle. The developing follicle (a balloon-like space in the ovary that contains the egg) secretes estrogen as it grows. The level of this hormone peaks at the time of ovulation; it then drops for several days and peaks again about a week after ovulation. Estrogen is responsible for the normal grown and differentiation of the follicle and the egg. It also plays an important role in preparing the endometrial lining for implantation. Estrogen also changes the quality and texture of the Cervical Mucus (CM), making it thinner and more elastic. This allows the normal passage of sperm through the Cervix towards the uterus and the fallopian tube where the sperm meets the ovum (egg). Most important of all, estrogen causes Luteinizing Hormone (LH) to be released to trigger ovulation. Estrogen also causes the vagina to be moist and healthy in addition to its beneficial effects on bone and the cardiovascular system. For these reasons, estrogen is recommended to most women after the cessation of menses at menopause. Estrogen can be measured on the second or third day of the cycle by a simple blood test. Its level reflects the functional status of the ovaries. Ideally, a level of less than 50ug/ml is desirable prior to the initiation of ovulation induction or IVF

The two ducts in female mammals leading from the ovaries to the upper part of the uterus. They are also known as oviducts. In the human female the Fallopian tubes are about 2 cm (about 0.75 in) thick and 10 to 13 cm (4 to 5 in) long. As the ovum leaves the ovary it passes into the mouth of the adjoining Fallopian tube and is propelled toward the uterus by hairlike projections called cilia on the inner surface of the tube. If the ovum is fertilized inside the tube, where most fertilization takes place, it usually implants in the uterus. Some fertilized ova, however, implant in the Fallopian tube itself and must be surgically excised. The condition is called an ectopic pregnancy. Many cases of infertility in women are due to blocked Fallopian tubes, which can result from infection, especially that which is contracted from sexually transmitted disease. Surgical severing and sealing of the Fallopian tubes is a common method of preventing pregnancy. These tubes were named after their discoverer, the Italian anatomist Gabriel Fallopius.

The process of enabling reproduction by insemination in which gametes, a man’s sperm and a woman’s egg or

ovum fuse together to produce a single cell called zygote that develops into an adult organism

An unborn vertebrate at a stage when all the structural features of the adult are recognizable, especially an unborn human offspring after eight weeks of development

Refers to a benign tumor located in the uterus. Although it is not cancerous, it may cause irregular bleeding, pain, and an enlarged uterus. Furthermore, it may cause difficulty in achieving a pregnancy because it can interfere with normal implantation of an embryo into the endometrium

The finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary that capture the egg and deliver it into the tube

In the fertility context, ‘frequently’ implies having intercourse as often as possible, basically everyday if that is physically permitted. Generally, such practice is encouraged to reduce or let the sperm counts to diminish naturally in order to increase probability of conceiving a baby Girl

Small fluid-filled sac containing ovum which is to be released during ovulation. Many follicles will compete to become ovum of the cycle and one will emerge as dominant follicle (if there are 2 dominant follicle, chances are 2 eggs will be released and a fraternal twins may result)

Early portion of the fertility cycle preceding to ovulation. The length of phase varies and it is during this phase, ovarian follicles are competing to become the dominant follicle in order to subsequently become ovum of the cycle. High estrogen levels cause the uterine lining to proliferate (thicken) in preparation for implantation

A hormone that stimulates the growth of egg follicles in the ovaries and the making of sperm in the testes. This hormone is also responsible for causing the secretion of estrogen in abundance

A specialized male or female cell with half the normal amount of chromosomes belong to its parent species ie. Ovum contains half the chromosomes of the mother and sperm contains half the chromosomes of the father. half the normal number of chromosomes that unites with another cell of the opposite sex in the process of sexual reproduction. When two gametes participate in fertilization, the resulting zygote contains a full complement of chromosomes of the parent species. Also called generative cell or sex cell

Choosing the sex of a baby before conception either by artificial techniques or natural methodologies. With improved methodology and availability of computing technology such as the advanced GenderLabs™ Fertility Management System, the whole process is now relatively simple, informative and the success rate has improved dramatically

A procedure where eggs are retrieved from the woman, placed together with sperm in a catheter, and transferred back into the woman's fallopian tubes to allow fertilization inside the woman's body

A medication that acts like gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Initially it causes a surge in the production of gonadotropins, but when given continuously, it suppresses pituitary and ovarian function. Examples include leuprolide or Lupron®, nafarelin or Synarel®

This new class of fertility medications (soon to be available as Antagon™, ganirelix acetate and as cetrorelix acetate, pending FDA approval) which block the effect of GnRH, resulting in a rapid suppression of gonadotropin release by the pituitary gland

The hormones produced by the pituitary gland that control reproductive function follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Organs that produce the sex cells and sex hormones; testicles in men and ovaries in women

A sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria Neisseria gonococcus that can lead to infertility

A ball of inflamed tissue, commonly formed after vasectomy due to sperm leaking from the vas deferens

An effective expectorant (medication that helps in coughing up mucus) to improve the secretion of Cervical Mucus (CM). It is available over-the-counter in syrup, capsule, and tablet form, usually found in combination with antihistamines, cough suppressants, or decongestants. Brand names include Cheracol D, Comtrex Cold Formula, Contac Cough and Chest Cold, Dimacol Caplets, Triaminic Expectorant, Vicks Children’s Cough Syrup

Hamster Test

A test of the ability of a man's sperm to penetrate a hamster egg stripped of its outer membrane, the zona pellucida. Also called the Sperm Penetration Assay

Hemizona Assay

A laboratory test of the ability of sperm to penetrate into a human egg; first the egg is split in half, then one half is tested against the husband's sperm and the other half against sperm from a fertile man

Hirsutism

Excessive hair growth. This condition may occur in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or as a result of treatment with Danazol®

Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG)

These injectable medications consist of LH and FSH hormones recovered from the urine of postmenopausal women and are used to induce and development of multiple follicles in various fertility treatments. (Available under the brand names Humegon™, Pergonal®, and Repronex™.)

A chemical substance produced in the body’s endocrine glands or certain other cells that exerts a regulatory or stimulatory effect

Most pregnancy tests detect this particular hormone to determine if conception has occurred. It is released by developing embryo and it will keep signaling Corpus Luteum to continue secreting progesterone in order to maintain the endometrium and until a placenta is formed. Under normal circumstances, hCG level is too low and undetectable until about 12 days or more after ovulation

Cervical Mucus (CM) that impedes the natural progress of sperm through the cervical canal

Injection of fluid, often into the fallopian tubes to determine if they are patent

Excessive production of androgens in women, frequently a cause of hirsutism and also associated with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD)

Excessive prolactin in the blood. This condition may interfere with the normal functioning of the menstrual cycle and result in anovulation

Refers to a spectrum of disorders that result in reduced levels of male or female sex hormones. Hypogonadism is typically caused by a deficient production of hypothalamic or pituitary hormones

Under activity of the thyroid gland, which results in low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood. Inadequate amounts of thyroid hormone can lead to hyperprolactinemia

It involves the injection of a radio-opaque dye through the cervix and into the uterus and fallopian tubes. A series of x-rays are taken and the contour and patency of the uterus and tubes are assessed

This is a procedures which involves the introduction of a telescope-like instrument through the cervix into the uterine cavity. It allows the physician to directly view the inner lining of the uterus. It is very helpful in the diagnosis of polyps and fibroids and other uterine abnormalities such as a uterine septum

A micromanipulation technique sometimes performed during IVF or donor IVF. In the laboratory, the health care provider manipulates the male sperm, then places it in a needle and injects it directly into the female egg. This procedure may be useful in cases where the male has low sperm counts or decreased sperm motility

Abbreviation for Intramuscular, used to describe injections given into a muscle. Commonly recommended IM injection sites include the thigh and buttocks

The body's defense against any injury or invasion by a foreign substance or organism

Medical treatment for an immune system disorder that involves transfusing donor white blood cells into a woman who has had recurrent miscarriages

The process by which or stage at which an embryo becomes embedded in the lining of the womb

An excellent indicator of possible pregnancy in the form of light bleeding that may occur 7-10 days after ovulation. Do not conduct pregnancy test upon the appearance of implantation spotting because Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) level is for too low to be detectable not until about 12 days or more after Ovulation. Such phenomenon is not experienced by all women and its absence does not indicate a pregnancy never take place

Cervix with the inability to remain closed throughout an entire pregnancy; a frequent cause of premature birth

Inability of a couple to achieve a pregnancy or to carry a pregnancy to term after one year of unprotected intercourse in women 35 years of age and younger, and after six months of unprotected intercourse in women 36 years of age and older

While most women do not secrete any Cervical Mucus (CM) during the Pre-Ovulatory Infertile Phase (Phase 1), some women do have cloudy, thick and tacky kind of CM. The Infertile Phenomenon allows you to specify your unique condition pertaining to CM during the early phase, so that the system could adjust accordingly to provide a more accurate prediction on your fertility. For example, a woman with cloudy, thick and tacky kind of CM as her Infertile Phenomenon will not be regarded as fertile when CM is present. A more fertile kind of CM must be detected to put her in the fertile category. Selecting an option under the corresponding Peak Day Phenomenon will help the system to determine overall characteristics of the CM appropriately

Sexual intercourse, physical sexual activity between human beings that involves the genitals

This position is recommended for those trying for a Boy. Commonly referred to as the ‘dog-style’, this position helps to ensure that the sperm are deposited near the opening of the cervix rather than in the two spaces adjacent to it, so-called cal-de-sac and the posterior fornix by to Dr. Landrum Shettles

This position is recommended for those trying for a Girl. Face-to-face with the man on top, a position which make it less likely that the sperm will be deposited directly near the opening of the cervix, where secretion are most alkaline and would thus favor the male-bearing Y-sperm

Deep penetration is achiveable by 'Rear Ehtry' position and this is recommended for those trying for a Boy. The fact is a deep penetration during ejaculation by the man will help to deposit the sperm closet to the cervix, where the secretion are more favorable to the male-bearing Y-sperm.

Shallow penetration is achiveable by 'Missionary' position and this is recommended for those trying for a Girl. Shallow penetration by the man at the time of his orgasm will further help ensure that the sperm passes through the vaginal canal, where secretions are naturally more acidic and therefore, will favor the female-bearing X-sperm

Artificial insemination of sperm, which have been washed free of seminal fluid, into the uterine cavity

An arrangement of all the chromosomes of a cell. A normal human cell has 46 chromosomes. Abnormalities of certain chromosomes, such as an extra chromosome, can be detected by doing a karyotype. This test is done in couples who suffer from recurrent miscarriages to look for a specific chromosomal abnormality called a "translocation," which can result in the loss of important genetic material and thus cause miscarriages

A chromosome abnormality that prevents normal male sexual development and causes irreversible infertility due to the presence of an extra X chromosome

the procedure involves the introduction of a thin telescope-like instrument through the belly button into the pelvis for direct visualization of the pelvic organs. At the same time, dye can be injected through the cervix and its flow can be traced into and through the fallopian tubes under direct vision. The procedure is conducted under anesthesia, but the patient does not have to stay overnight in the hospital. The patient might have mild abdominal discomfort for 1 or 2 days after the procedure, but can usually resume normal activities even as soon as the next day. The risks with laparoscopy are very small and include the following: infection, bleeding, damage to nearby organs, such as the bowel, and reaction to anesthesia. Very rarely, surgery by opening the abdomen is needed to take care of a complication. Indications for laparoscopy are many and include the following: diagnostic, to check for suspected problems such as infertility, blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, scarring, ovarian tumors and uterine anomalies such as fibroids, diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis, lysis (cutting) of adhesions (scarring), removal of fibroids, and removal of ovarian cysts or tumors, GIFT and other miscellaneous indications

A kit used to detect a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) which takes place 24 to 36 hours prior to ovulation. It is used to help time intercourse during some fertility treatments

The sudden release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes the follicle to release a mature egg (ovulate)

A substance, typically oil or grease, applied to a surface to reduce friction between moving parts

Known medically as a GnRH-agonist. Lupron is a commonly used medication in IVF and in the treatment of severe endometriosis or large uterine fibroids. Lupron can be taken either by daily subcutaneous (under the skin) injections or monthly intramuscular depot injections. Lupron works by suppressing the function of the pituitary gland and ovaries. Simply stated, it will make the ovaries "go to sleep" and stop functioning. This stops the secretion of the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone. Preventing the release of these hormones is important in IVF because we want to control the function of the ovaries and we do not want any interference from the pituitary gland. As far as endometriosis and uterine fibroids are concerned, both of these diseases require estrogen for growth. Since estrogen is secreted mainly by the ovaries, suppressing ovarian function lowers blood estrogen levels and therefore benefits both of these conditions

The stage of the menstrual cycle between the formation of Corpus Luteum a (yellow mass of tissue) after the release of an ovum and the start of the next period. After ovulation, progesterone will be released by Corpus Luteum in order to maintain endometrium for about 12-16 days as the length of the phase. Individually, the length does not normally vary much more than a day or two. If your average length happens to be shorter than 10 days where it normally take 7-10 days for implantation of an fertilized egg to accomplish, chances are your endometrium could not be maintained long enough for the purpose this may render achieving pregnancy extremely difficult.

Inadequate function of the corpus luteum which results in insufficient levels of progesterone. This may prevent a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus or may lead to early pregnancy loss

An excellent indicator of ovulation detectable by using . This hormone is secreted by pituitary gland in small amount during the early part of the cycle and then released in abundance roughly 24 hours ovulation before ovulation. Along with FSH, it is one of the two most important hormones that regulate ovarian function. The role of LH is to trigger ovulation and help prepare the endometrial lining for implantation. The level of this hormone starts to rise . The level of this hormone can be checked by a home urine Ovulation Predictor Kit (OPK). When the test color matches the control, this signifies the presence of elevated levels of LH in the blood. The individual then can plan intercourse within 24 hours of that positive test (assuming no gender preference). LH is a hormone that is also found in the fertility medications Pergonal®, Humegon™, and Repronex™. These drugs contain LH and FSH in equal amounts. When given in the beginning of a menstrual cycle, (usually on day 2 to 5) they stimulate follicular development. The level of LH is also elevated (in relation to FSH) in some women with irregular cycles or with the condition known as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). The second release in form of a "surge" is what induces ovulation and causing the transformation of dominant follicle into Corpus Luteum.

The failure of a follicle to release the egg even though a corpus luteum has formed

A light silver-white metallic element that occurs naturally in compounds and is used in alloys, metallurgy, photography, and fireworks. In term of gender preselection, studies show Calcium and Magnesium may render the reproductive system more attractive to the X-sperm, which is the gender determining factor for a baby Girl

The monthly process of discharging blood and other matter from the womb that occurs between puberty and menopause in women and female primates who are not pregnant

A typical menstrual cycle lasts 28 days. It begins with three to five days of menstruation, the shedding of the uterine lining, during which hormone levels are low. At the end of menstruation, a pituitary hormone stimulates new follicles to develop in the ovary. These secrete estrogen as they mature, causing cells in the lining of the uterus to proliferate. During the mid-cycle, one mature follicle releases an egg. The empty follicle forms the corpus luteum, an endocrine body that secretes progesterone. Under the added influence of progesterone, the uterine lining thickens further and swells in preparation for the implantation of a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not take place, the corpus luteum dies and hormone levels fall. Without hormonal support, the uterine lining disintegrates and discharges, beginning a new menstrual period and cycle

The time in a woman’s life when menstruation diminishes and ceases, usually between the ages of 45 and 50

Reconstructive surgery performed under magnification using delicate instruments and precise techniques

A German word referring to the middle of the menstrual cycle and a pain that is felt at the time of ovulation in the lower abdomen, usually on the right side

Secretion from a gland that can be watery, gel-like, stretchy, sticky or dry; fertile mucus is watery and stretchy

Not transmiting light. Impenetrable to sight. In terms of cervical mucus, opaque refers to a state where the mucus is still not transparent

The climax of sexual excitement, consisting of intense muscle tightening around the genital area experienced as a pleasurable wave of tingling sensations through parts of the body

Ovarian Cyst

A fluid-containig enlargement of the ovary

Ovaries produce reproductive cells called egg, or ovum are oblong, flattened, ductless glands, about 3.8 cm (about 1.5 in) long, on either side of the uterus, to which they are connected by the Fallopian tubes. The ovary secretes hormone estrogen and progesterone that contribute to secondary female sexual characteristics and also regulate menstruation

Enlargement of many ovarian follicles due to fertility drugs, causing gross enlargement of the ovaries. It is sometimes accompanied by accumulation of fluid in the abdomen and lungs and abnormal blood tests. It occurs less than 1% of the time in its severe form and requires hospitalization. Studies recently have shown that by using specific protocols, severe forms of this condition can be prevented

As the ovum is prepared for release during the breeding season, the tissue surrounding the ovum hollows out and becomes filled with fluid and at the same time moves to the surface of the ovary; this mass of tissue, fluid, and ovum is known as a Graafian follicle. The ovary of the adult is merely a mass of glandular and connective tissue containing numerous Graafian follicles at various stages of maturity. When the Graafian follicle is completely mature, it bursts through the surface of the ovary, releasing the ovum, which is then ready for fertilization; the release of the ovum from the ovary is known as ovulation

The ripening and discharge of an egg or eggs from the ovary for possible fertilization

The kits typically come in the form of prepared test strips are meant to detect the onset of the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) surge, a phenomenon normally take place 12–36 hours preceding to ovulation. In reaction to chemicals found in urine, an abrupt and definite change of color in the test strip going from a very pale color to a deep blue in most cases, is an indication of the LH surge. OPK is ideal for pregnancy achievers especially those suffering from irregular menstrual cycle, however, it serves no purpose to those trying to avoid pregnancy and it is not recommended to be used solely for gender preselection purpose

open; for example, fallopian tubes should be patent after a sterilization reversal operation

The day Ovulation occurs and when Basal Body Temperature (BBT) will take a sharp ‘dip’ prior to raising perceptibly and it will remain at a higher point until the next cycle comes close. At the same time, Cervical Mucus (CM) will resemble raw egg white, relatively abundant in volume, its texture will become very watery and slippery and it will be highly stretchable in nature. Other observable symptoms during ovulation include ovulatory pain (Mittelschmerz), spotting and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) surge which is detectable by Ovulatory Prediction Kits (OPK)

For most women, Cervical Mucus (CM) at its peak will resemble raw egg white, relatively abundant in volume, its texture will become very watery and slippery and it will be highly stretchable in nature. However, some women only secrete a lesser ‘fertile’ looking CM during their Peak Day and this will render the situation unpredictable without appropriate adjustments. Therefore, Peak Day Phenomenon is an advanced feature especially designed to allow the system to adjust according to the peculiar situation of certain women so that a more accurate computation can be derived

The area surrounded by the pelvic bone that contains the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries in women, and the prostate gland and seminal vesicles in men

Inflammation of any of the female pelvic organs, usually due to infection from a sexually transmitted disease

A brand name hMG fertility medication that contains luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones recovered from the urine of postmenopausal women. It is used to induce the development of multiple follicles in various fertility treatments.

This is the fertile phase where ovulation is expected to take place during the middle of the cycle. Cervical Mucus (CM) will normally appear in relatively small amount at first. It is thick and tacky, cloudy and most of the time, yellowish in color. Most obvious of all is perhaps its elastic characteristics; it is hardly stretchable and will break up easily. As level of estrogen increases further, it will become clearer and eventually resembling raw egg white. By then, the CM will be relatively abundant in volume, its texture will become very watery and slippery and it will be highly stretchable in nature. At about the same time, Basal Body Temperature (BBT) will typically take a sharp ‘dip’ before rising perceptibly and eventually stay at a higher level. Under normal circumstances, ovulation is said to have occurred haft way between the ‘dip’ and the sustained ‘high’ in BBT. Some women may also experience additional symptoms such as spotting and ovulatory pain (Mittelschmerz) during the ovulation. The infertile Phase 3 will follow 1-2 days after and the period between Ovulation and the next menstruation is known as the Luteal Phase.

Phase 3 is generally the least significant in fertility planning, particularly for pregnancy evaders as ovulation is already over, it is an infertile phase and beside Basal Body Temperature (BBT), there is no other significant symptoms to be observed not until the next menstruation. This phase is however important to those who wish to achieve pregnancy and during the phase, Triphasic Temperature Pattern is one of the most important symptoms indicating a successful pregnancy

A small gland present at the base of the brain. It receives instructions from another gland in the brain known as the Hypothalamus. The pituitary secretes many important hormones, such as FSH, LH, TSH, and prolactin that control the activity of other endocrine glands and regulate various biological processes. It is the most important organ responsible for sexual development during adolescence. In woman fertility, it is responsible for secretion of both Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) to begin the fertility cycle, under the influence of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH).

A vascular organ, the placenta is responsible for respiration and excretion in the growing fetus. Fetal blood flows through the blood vessels of the umbilical cord to the placenta, where fingerlike capillary nets are surrounded by pools of the mother’s blood. Here carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes diffuse from fetus to mother, and oxygen and nutrients pass from mother to fetus. Fetal and maternal blood do not mix

A condition characterized by multiple ovarian cysts, increased androgen production, and anovulation

A test to check the quality of the cervical mucus and the sperm in it. It is performed up to 12 hours after intercourse. It is similar to a pap smear examination and involves no pain. The patient presents to the office within 12 hours after intercourse around the time of ovulation. A small sample of the cervical mucus is then taken and examined. We look for the amount and elasticity of the mucus. We also look at it under the microscope to evaluate the number and quality of sperm present in the sample, as well as the general cellularity of the mucus. A good test will show ample amount of mucus containing many moving sperm. An abnormal test may show normal mucus, but the sperm present in it will have an abnormal pattern of movement (moving in the same place instead of going forward). An abnormal test can also occur because of low levels of estrogen hormone, which is crucial in the formation of the cervical mucus. Treatment of abnormal cervical mucus can include intrauterine insemination, which bypasses the cervix. Another treatment of abnormal mucus is administration of estrogen hormone or stopping clomiphene therapy and switching to other fertility medications (such as Pergonal) that do not have this adverse effect on cervical mucus

A soft silvery white very reactive element of the alkali metal group, commonly found combined in minerals. In term of gender preselection, studies show Potassium and Sodium may render the reproductive system more attractive to the Y-sperm, which is the gender determining factor for a baby Boy.

Cessation of menstruation due to depletion of ovarian follicles before the age of 40. It is one of the most common causes for infertility requiring egg donation. It can run in families and be associated with other disease processes such as thyroid disease or lupus

In the event Cervical Mucus (CM) is not detectable by wiping the outer portion of the vagina with a clean tissue, the other alternative is perhaps to ‘probe’ for it by with a finger. The proper technique is to place the right foot on a chair or stool, lean forward a little with the right elbow resting on the leg just above the knee, press on the abdomen just above the pubis with the left hand. This will depress the uterus and push the cervix forward, making it easier to reach and then insert the index and middle fingers of the right hand into the vagina and gently touch the cervix, which will feel a little like the tip of the nose. If CM is present, you should be able s to feel it and retrieve some for observation

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Its major role is to control milk production, however it can interfere with normal ovulation if present in high amounts. Prolactin levels are therefore checked in every woman during the evaluation process for infertility. Certain women have elevated prolactin levels due to a tumor in the pituitary gland or the brain. These tumors are often called prolactinomas. They are usually easily treated by a medication called bromocriptine (Parlodel®). In rare instances, surgery may be required

The male gland encircling the urethra that produces one third of the fluid in the ejaculate

A group of hormone-like chemicals that have various effects on reproductive organs; so named because they were first discovered in the prostate gland

A pregnancy test which measures the level of HCG present in the blood. This test can be used to detect an early pregnancy

A women who receives the fertilized eggs (often by her husband's sperm) from an egg donor. These embryos are transferred to her uterus after a 2-3 week period of hormonal preparation to have the uterus ready to accept these embryos. The recipient is considered the biological mother since she will carry, nourish and deliver the infant

An OB-GYN who specializes in the treatment of hormonal disorders that affect reproductive function

An OB-GYN or Urologist who specializes in the surgical correction of anatomical disorders that impair reproductive function

This rule is used to exclude aberrantly high temperatures in Trendline computation. The exclusion is by no mean the same as disturbances where temperature records with no obvious reason to be outside of the norm are eliminated

An abnormal condition of the fallopian tube where it attaches to the uterus, characterized by nodules

To produce or discharge substance from the cells and fluids within a gland or organ

The fluid containing sperm and secretions from the testicles, prostate, and seminal vesicles that is expelled during ejaculation

A test to check for sperm quantity and quality. A sperm sample collected by masturbation after 3 days of abstinence is used for the test. The test checks for sperm concentration (normal is greater than 20 million/ml), the sperm motility (normal is greater than 50% motility), sperm shape or morphology (normal is greater than 15% normal forms), volume of the sample (normal is greater than 2cc) and viscosity or thickness of the sample. The test is performed by computer analysis. A male factor (or some type of sperm abnormality) is responsible for up to 40-50% of infertility cases

The paired glands at the base of the baldder that produce seminal fluid and fructose

The presence of a thick membrane that separates the uterine cavity either partially or completely into two separate cavities. This can interfere with normal implantation and cause recurrent miscarriages. The treatment is done by hysteroscopy and involves cutting the septum under direct vision

Rule for pregnancy achievement where Dry Day Rule does not apply and as long as the options are set to Normal. The rule will identify the start date for Phase 2 by evaluating the shortest cycles among the last 12. The rule assumes cycles are typically longer than 26 days and Phase 2 is therefore not likely to begin before day 6 as dictated by the First Five Days Rule

A soft silver-white metallic chemical element that reacts readily with other substances. It is essential to the body’s fluid balance and occurs in abundance, especially in common salt. In term of gender preselection, studies show Sodium and Potassium may render the reproductive system more attractive to the Y-sperm, which is the gender determining factor for a baby Boy

A male reproductive cell (gamete) that has an oval head with a nucleus, a short neck, and a tail by which it moves to find and fertilize an ovum

A place where sperm are kept frozen in lizuid nitrogen for later use in artificial insemination

The number of sperm in the ejaculate (when given as the number of sperm per millileter it is more accurately known as the sperm concentration or sperm density)

Spotting refers to light blood shed that occur in between two menstruation. There are basically 3 type of spotting: -

1) Midcycle Spotting – Generally, an indicator of high fertility. This type will normally occur around ovulation as a result of shedding of excessive layers of endometrium which have built up under the influence of estrogen.

2) Implantation Spotting – An indicator of a possible pregnancy. This type will usually occur within 7-10 days after Ovulation

3) Pre-Menstrual Spotting – This is early shedding of endometrium as progesterone level drops, which may begin a day or two before the actual menstruation

A surgical procedure (such as tubal ligation or vasedtomy) designed to produce infertility

A surgical procedure used to undo a previous sterilization operation and restore fertility

Stimulation of multiple ovulation with fertility drugs; also known as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH)

A women who accepts to bear (or be pregnant with) the child of another woman who is incapable of becoming pregnant. Women who need surrogates include those who do not have a uterus (for instance because of surgery), have an abnormal uterine cavity, have had several recurrent miscarriages, or have had recurrent failed IVF cycles

In term of fertility, symptom refers to the sign or indication pertaining to the physical condition related to fertility. The fertility symptoms in combination with Basal Body Temperature (BBT) together with Calendar Method form the basis of ‘Symptothermal’ methodology in Natural Family Planning

Symptothermal

An effective and proven methodology which is widely used for fertility analysis and to predict the occurrence of ovulation in particular. It is based on Basal Body Temperature (BBT) in combination with other available fertility symptoms, particularly Cervical Mucus (CM) and in combination with the Calendar Method in order to derive conclusion pertaining to fertility for family planning purpose

System

The system referes to GenderLabs™ Fertility Management System, a state-of-the-art solution especially designed for women to manage their fertility cycles effectively and efficiently, gender preselection in particular. Programmed with advanced algorithm, proven methodologies and presented in an intuitive and practical environment as the core elements, managing your fertility with GenderLabsÔ Fertility Management System is now easy, informative and even entertaining

The testes are the organs that produce gametes and sex hormones. The male gamete is the spermatozoan, produced by cell division in the seminiferous tubules of the adult testes. Typically, several hundred million sperm reach maturity in the epididymis and are stored in the vas deferens each day. Whatever is not released in ejaculation is reabsorbed, part of a continuous cycle. In the female, the ovaries produce eggs, or ovum. At birth, about 2 million oocytes, or immature eggs, are present in the ovaries. Once the female reaches puberty, one egg matures approximately every 28 days inside a sac like Graafian follicle. Ovulation occurs when the mature egg bursts from the follicle and the ovary, beginning its journey down the fallopian tube toward the uterus.

Abbreviation for Tubal Embryo Transfer; this is typically a laparoscopic procedure where an embryo is placed directly into the fallopian tube several days following egg retrieval

Obvious shift of body temperature level above the Trendline indicating that ovulation may have occurred. The shift is caused by progesterone released by Corpus Luteum immediately after the ovulation. The body temperature rise is typically at least 0.2°F / 0.1°C above the highest temperatures recorded previously.

1) Standard Thermal Shift : Three successive days of temperatures above the Trendline.

2) Slow-Rise Thermal Shift: The first temperature of the shift is at the Trendline with remaining temperatures above the Trendline. Requires 4 successive days at or above the Trendline if you opted to go with the Strict option

3) Fall-Back Thermal Shift: The first temperature of the shift is above the Trendline, the second dips back to or below the Trendline and followed by 3 consecutive days above the Trendline. Since the first temperature may be eliminated using Rule of Thumb (basically mimic the Standard Thermal Shift), this particular shift must therefore be supported by Cervical Mucus (CM) dry-up

The endocrine gland in the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones, which regulate the body's metabolism

Along with T3, one of the main thyroid hormones; its level can be checked in blood by a simple blood test. It reflects the activity of the thyroid gland. It is important to measure this hormone especially in women with abnormal cycles, because thyroid diseases can interfere with normal ovulation

A drug that relaxes smooth muscles and therefore interferes with uterine contractions; frequently used to stop premature labor

An estimate of the number of sperm in an ejaculate capable of fertilization; total sperm count X percent motility X percent forward progressive motility X percent normal morphology

The state of Cervical Mucus (CM) switching from Peak Day conditions back to one that resemble CM during the Infertile Phase ie. thick, tacky and cloudy. This is a typical phenomenon for the system to determine that an ovulation has occurred and the user will be infertile until a new fertile phase comes along during a new menstrual cycle

The word ‘triphasic’ relates to the third level temperatures and the pattern basically indicate implantation of a fertilized egg where additional progesterone may be released to cause the body temperature to rise again after ovulation. Implantation does not always cause a triphasic pattern and as such, pregnancy could take place even though a triphasic pattern never occur at all

The 40 weeks of pregnancy are divided into three trimesters. The developing baby is called an embryo for the first 8 weeks, after which it is called a fetus. All of its major organs develop in the first trimester. In the mother, nausea and vomiting are common, especially in the morning. The breasts may enlarge and become tender, and weight begins to increase. The second trimester fetus is obviously human and grows quickly. The mother’s pregnancy is noticeable both externally and internally, as she can feel the fetus moving. Her heart rate and blood pressure increase to accommodate the needs of the fetus. In the third trimester, the fetal organs mature. Most babies born prematurely at the beginning of the third trimester survive, and their chances increase dramatically with each week in the womb. The pregnant woman finds herself easily hot and uncomfortable by this point, and sleep, while even more important now, may be difficult

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that controls the thyroid gland. Elevated levels imply abnormally low thyroid function. The level of this hormone in blood is checked in most women with infertility, because certain thyroid diseases are associated with infertility

Plastic or reconstructive surgery on the fallopian tubes to correct abnormalities that cause infertility

One of the most common imaging techniques a woman undergoes during infertility treatment. Almost all ultrasound examinations for this purpose are currently done through the vagina using a vaginal transducer. An ultrasound transducer emits acoustic sound waves that bounce back when they hit different types of tissues in the body along its path. These waves are then recaptured by the transducer and sent to the ultrasound computer. The ultrasound transforms these waves into gray scale pictures that are seen on a monitor screen. The texture of the particular tissue that the ultrasound wave traverses or hits determines the way it will look on the monitor. For instance, clear fluids such as water or urine will appear black, while bony structures will appear white. The vaginal transducer is about 15 inches long of which only about 5 inches will enter into the vagina. It is about 1 inch in diameter. The procedure is painless for the vast majority of women. It enables visualization of the pelvic organs including ovarian cysts, tumors, uterine fibroids and pregnancies. It is also used routinely to follow the growth and development of ovarian follicles (see follicle) during ovulation induction with fertility drugs, such as in patients who are undergoing IVF

A physician who specializes in the surgical treatment of disorders of the urinary tract and male reproductive tract

A hollow muscular organ (as big as a small pear) present in the pelvis. It is connected to the vagina by the cervix and to the abdominal cavity by the fallopian tubes. Its main function is to contain and nourish the fertilized egg as it developsinto an embryo, a fetus and eventually an infant. Its inside is lined by a thick layer of specialized glandular cells called the endometrium

Inflammation of the vagina, which is typically caused by bacterial or yeast infections

An abnormal dilation of the veins surrounding the testicles. They are present in 25% of infertile men. Because of this blood pooling, testicular temperature is raised which is detrimental to the sperm. Treatment is by minor surgery to ligate the dilated vessels or veins. The success of treatment is contraversial. Pregnancy rates after surgery are reported to be in the range of 30-50%

The tubes that conduct sperm and testicular fluid from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts

Surgical repair of a previous vasectomy for a man who wants to regain his fertility

The female-bearing, oval-headed and relatively bigger X-sperm which is popularly known as ‘Hardy X’ for they maybe slower but they live much longer and have far greater staying power against the hazards of the vaginal environment. Typically, they can survive up to 5-6 days and they are also called ‘Gynesperm’

The male-bearing , round-headed and relatively smaller Y-sperm which is popularly known as ‘Speedy Y’ for they have a longer tail that make them faster and more agile, is also known as ‘Androsperm’. They do not live long and in most cases, Y-Sperm will die within 2 days

Fertilizing eggs and sperm outside of the body and immediately placing them in the fallopian tubes to enhance the chances of pregnancy

The translucent belt consisting of a noncellular layer that is deposited at the periphery of the egg while it is in the ovary and continues to surround the egg and the conceptus until the stage of implantation, during which time the embryo "hatches" outside the zona pellucida

A new single cell organism formed by the union of the two gametes (ovum and spermatozoon) immediately after fertilization takes place. Zygote will develop into an embryo and eventually into a fetus should the pregnancy be successful

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